Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors with low prevalence, while the prevalence of PNETs gradually increases in recent years. PNETs is prone to liver metastasis. Liver transplantation is adopted more and more for inoperable PNETs patients with liver metastasis because of the deep research of pathological mechanism, the improvement of surgical techniques and the use of new immunosuppressive drugs. This paper tried to review the progress of liver transplantation for PNETs with liver metastasis in the last few decades.

Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is one of the most common and severe complications after solid organ transplantation. PTDM is a high risk factor for graft dysfunction, infection, cardiovascular complications and acute graft rejection, which affected survival rate and the quality of life of recipients. Tacrolimus is a powerful kind of immunosuppressant which is widely used on organ recipients. However, tacrolimus is more diabetogenic than other kind of immunosuppressant. Here we summarized the research and treatment progress of tacrolimus on PTDM.

To explore the protective effect of salidroside on hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury and its correlative mechanisms.

Fifty-four healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (sham group, IR group, salidroside treatment group) with 18 rats in each group. The administration dosage of salidroside was 30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 which was administrated 7 days before modeling by intraperitoneal injection, and rats in other two groups were treated with the same volume of isotonic sodium chloride solution. The blood supply of left and middle lobe of liver was obstructed (70% IR model) for 45 minutes, and all the rats were killed at the time points of 4, 8 and 16 hours after reperfusion, respectively. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected soon after death. The concentration of serum ALT and AST was detected; expression of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease (Caspase)-3, -8, -9 were detected by Western blot; immunohistochemistry was used to detected the above apoptotic related proteins positive hepatocytes and were semi-quantity analyzed; Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of hepatocytes. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the concentration of serum ALT and AST, expression of apoptotic related proteins and hepatocytes apoptosis rate.

The serum level of ALT and AST in the IR group were higher than sham group and salidroside treatment group (P all<0.05). The expression of Bax, Caspase-3, -8, -9 in salidroside treatment group was lower than IR group, while the expression of Bcl-2 was higher than IR group. There was statistic difference for the relative expression of Bax and Bcl-2 at different time points, Caspase-3 at 4 hours after reperfusion and Caspase-8, -9 at 8, 16 hours after reperfusion between salidroside treatment group and IR group (P all<0.05). The apoptosis rates of salidroside treatment group, IR group and sham group at 8 hours after reperfusion were (24.09±2.43)%, (45.71±3.19)% and (5.46±0.34)%, which had statistic difference (F=4.08, P<0.05).

Salidroside pretreatment can relieve hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury, which may be related to inhibition of cell apoptosis through the endogenous and exogenous pathway.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) consists of the infusion of feces from a healthy donor to the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient patient, in order to treat a specific disease associated with alteration of gut microbiota. In recent years, along with the growing knowledge of the relationship between the intestinal microecology and human health, and the development of the experimental technology such as macro genome sequencing, FMT is more and more used in clinical treatment. This review will discuss the application of FMT in the treatment of human disease.

Accurate assessment of the kidney from donation after citizen′s death, can avoid the waste of the donor kidney, reduce the incidence of postoperative delayed graft function or renal allograft primary nonfunction. Naturally, donor kidney will be examined through visual observation, donor risk score, selective renal biopsy, parameters of hypothermic machine pefusion, as well as comprehensive judgement on molecular diagnosis, and biomarker detection for blood, urine and perfusion solution. However, accurate quality assessment of donor kidney has get to be improved. At present, organ donation after citizen′s death in China is growing rapidly. It is very necessary to formulate unified quality assessment standards to guide the national organ donation, and promote the more standardized, effective and safe clinical application.

Nowadays, kidney transplantation is the most effective therapy for end-stage failure of kidney. The rate of delayed graft function has inevitably increased on the whole level due to the increasing use of marginal donors′ kidneys. LifePort kidney transporter has been widely used because of the protective effects on grafted kidneys. As one of the LifePort perfusion parameters, the resistive index can also serve as an effective indicator of the extent of grafted kidney perfusion. Moreover, there is significant reference value of resistive index to estimate DGF of kidneys post operate. We will summarize the research progress of LifePort kidney transporter resistive index in the predication of delayed graft function of grafted kidneys in this article.

With the development of transplantation surgery and the improvement of islet isolation technology, islet transplantation has become the ideal method of diabetes treatment.This paper reviewed recent advances in islet transplantation research, outlined current challenges and future directions in clinical islet transplantation.

Summary and analysis the experience of immunosuppressive therapy of 4 recipients who survived over 16 years after heart transplantation.

The clinical data of 4 heart transplant recipients in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University during April 1992 and January 2000 was analyzed retrospectively, which mainly focusing on the treatment experience of immunosuppressive therapy. Four donors were all donation after brain death and donor organs were preserved by improved St. Thomas fluid. The protopathys of recipients were chronic keshan disease (1 case) and dilated cardiomyopathy (3 cases), respectively. The methods of heart transplantation were standard anastomosis (3 cases) and whole-heart (1 case). The immunosuppressive treatment protocol after operation was ciclosporin+ azathioprine+ glucocorticoid and ciclosporin was used for immunosuppressive maintenance therapy. Blood concentration of ciclosporin, periphery white blood count and lymphocyte function were monitored during follow-up. Electrocardiogram, chest X-ray plain film, ultrasonic cardiogram, coronary arteriography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and endomyocardial biopsy were also did during follow-up. Implosive therapy or immunosuppressive agent replacement therapy was used when rejection occured.

Three recipients survived and 1 recipient died until June 2016. The survival time of the 3 survivors was 22 years and 4 months, 20 years and 7 months, 16 years and 5 months, respectively. The dead recipient died of multiple organ failure 18 years and 6 months after operation. Four recipients occured rejection 1 to 6 times during 10 years after operation and all recoverd after implosive therapy. The dose of ciclosporin for 3 survivors adjusted to 0.5-1.0 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 at 10 years after operation. All the recipients showed no coronary artery lesion during 10 years after operation. Three recipients recieved coronary arteriography and OCT in May 2009, and 1 recipient showed plaques infiltration and did not feel any uncomfortable, but the test results of coronary arteriography and OCT of this recipient in May 2015 showed that coronary artery stenosis was found and then stent placement was did. Test results of other two recipients were normal.

Diagnosis of rejection timely and accurately, adjusting immunosuppressive treatment plan reasonably, individualized immunosuppressive therapy and preventing the complication actively and effectively were helpful to improve long-term survival for heart transplantation recipients.