Kidney transplantation significantly improves the quality of life and prolongs survival in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, the shortage of donor organs results in prolonged waiting times for patients. Currently, standardized assessment and management systems for the kidney transplant waiting period remain lacking both domestically and internationally. This paper systematically reviews the assessment and management of dialysis patients during the kidney transplant waiting period, covering key aspects such as transplant eligibility, lifestyle during the waiting period, health status, common complications, immunologic assessment, and psychosocial assessment. The aim is to raise clinical awareness and provide a reference for the development of standardized management protocols.