成人实体器官移植后糖尿病管理专家共识

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-3903.2023.04.002

移植后糖尿病(PTDM)是成人实体器官移植(SOT)后常见的内分泌代谢紊乱疾病，累及10%~40%的受者，严重威胁受者生存质量与长期存活。为进一步规范PTDM的诊治，相关专家依据国内外成人PTDM的研究进展并结合我国实际情况，对PTDM的流行病学、危险因素与发病机制、筛查与诊断、治疗、预防、心血管危险因素管理以及微血管并发症筛查等方面达成一致意见，提出指导建议。旨在规范化综合管理PTDM，以提高SOT受者的生存质量与长期存活。

关键词: 移植后糖尿病, 实体器官移植, 免疫抑制剂, 降糖药物

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder after adult solid organ transplant (SOT), affecting 10% to 40% of recipients. PTDM has been associated with increased mortality, heightened risk of infections, graft-related complications and cardiovascular diseases, all of which seriously threaten the quality of life and long-term survival of recipients. According to recent studies and the domestic healthcare system, this consensus provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, screening and diagnosis, treatments, prevention strategies, cardiovascular risk factor management and microvascular complications associated with PTDM, in order to further standardize the diagnosis and treatment of PTDM. The objective is to standardize the comprehensive management of PTDM with the aim of enhancing the long-term quality of life and clinical outcomes for SOT recipients.

Key words: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus, Solid organ transplantation, Immunosuppressors, Antidiabetics

表1 不同免疫抑制剂的主要机制及与PTDM发生风险的关系

免疫抑制剂	主要机制	与PTDM发生风险的关系
糖皮质激素	刺激胰高糖素分泌，增加肝糖输出，这一效应呈剂量相关性^[39]，增加胰岛素抵抗并抑制胰岛素分泌，诱导胰岛细胞凋亡^[40]	泼尼松龙逐渐减量至5 mg/d有助于改善肾移植后胰岛素敏感性^[41]，糖皮质激素减撤方案可以作为降低PTDM风险的一种优选方案^[42]
CNI(他克莫司、环孢素)	抑制钙调神经磷酸酶活性，抑制细胞质钙调神经磷酸酶-活化T细胞的核因子亚单位的去磷酸化。CNI下调胰岛素受体底物2表达^[43]，影响胰岛β细胞中胰岛素和细胞增殖基因的转录，引起血糖升高。环孢素和他克莫司还可以通过增加脂肪细胞表面的葡萄糖转运蛋白4内吞速率，降低葡萄糖转运蛋白4表达来抑制葡萄糖摄取，而不依赖于胰岛素信号传导^[44]。他克莫司减少胰岛素分泌效应更强，与环孢素相比更易导致PTDM。肾移植后使用他克莫司治疗1年的PTDM发病风险是环孢素的2.7倍^{[45,46,47,48]}	CNI减量可以作为降低PTDM风险的措施，肾移植后PTDM患者可将他克莫司调整为环孢素以减少PTDM发生^[46]
mTORi(西罗莫司、依维莫司和贝拉西普)	mTORi干扰胰岛素信号传导，加重胰岛素抵抗；同时具有抗增殖作用，抑制胰岛β细胞增殖，促进β细胞凋亡。西罗莫司促进胰岛素受体底物2的磷酸化，抑制β细胞分泌胰岛素^[47]	mTORi会增加PTDM发生风险，但较CNI略低^[48]
ATG和阿仑单抗	ATG诱导促进Treg细胞增多^[49]。阿仑单抗是靶向CD52特异性单克隆抗体，CD52富集于B和T淋巴细胞表面，阿仑单抗可诱导T和B淋巴细胞凋亡^[50]，对糖代谢无直接影响	阿仑单抗或ATG诱导不增加PTDM风险^[51]
巴利昔单抗	IL-2受体的单抗(抗CD25)，可显著抑制IL-2介导的T淋巴细胞增殖。动物实验中表明，巴利昔单抗使用后诱导Treg细胞减少，出现胰岛炎、胰岛β细胞破坏及糖尿病发生^[52]	巴利昔单抗诱导发生PTDM的风险增加^[53]
其他免疫抑制剂(麦考酚酸、硫唑嘌呤和咪唑立宾)	抑制嘌呤核苷酸的生物合成发挥抗增殖、抗代谢作用，对糖代谢无直接影响	麦考酚酸或硫唑嘌呤单独应用对PTDM无影响，联合用药目前证据尚不足^[54]；吗替麦考酚酯是常用麦考酚酸类药物，与其他免疫抑制剂联用时，减少CNI、类固醇药物等药物的剂量，间接降低实体器官移植受者PTDM的风险^[55]；咪唑立宾与PTDM的关系尚无研究报道

表1 不同免疫抑制剂的主要机制及与PTDM发生风险的关系

免疫抑制剂	主要机制	与PTDM发生风险的关系
糖皮质激素	刺激胰高糖素分泌，增加肝糖输出，这一效应呈剂量相关性^[39]，增加胰岛素抵抗并抑制胰岛素分泌，诱导胰岛细胞凋亡^[40]	泼尼松龙逐渐减量至5 mg/d有助于改善肾移植后胰岛素敏感性^[41]，糖皮质激素减撤方案可以作为降低PTDM风险的一种优选方案^[42]
CNI(他克莫司、环孢素)	抑制钙调神经磷酸酶活性，抑制细胞质钙调神经磷酸酶-活化T细胞的核因子亚单位的去磷酸化。CNI下调胰岛素受体底物2表达^[43]，影响胰岛β细胞中胰岛素和细胞增殖基因的转录，引起血糖升高。环孢素和他克莫司还可以通过增加脂肪细胞表面的葡萄糖转运蛋白4内吞速率，降低葡萄糖转运蛋白4表达来抑制葡萄糖摄取，而不依赖于胰岛素信号传导^[44]。他克莫司减少胰岛素分泌效应更强，与环孢素相比更易导致PTDM。肾移植后使用他克莫司治疗1年的PTDM发病风险是环孢素的2.7倍^{[45,46,47,48]}	CNI减量可以作为降低PTDM风险的措施，肾移植后PTDM患者可将他克莫司调整为环孢素以减少PTDM发生^[46]
mTORi(西罗莫司、依维莫司和贝拉西普)	mTORi干扰胰岛素信号传导，加重胰岛素抵抗；同时具有抗增殖作用，抑制胰岛β细胞增殖，促进β细胞凋亡。西罗莫司促进胰岛素受体底物2的磷酸化，抑制β细胞分泌胰岛素^[47]	mTORi会增加PTDM发生风险，但较CNI略低^[48]
ATG和阿仑单抗	ATG诱导促进Treg细胞增多^[49]。阿仑单抗是靶向CD52特异性单克隆抗体，CD52富集于B和T淋巴细胞表面，阿仑单抗可诱导T和B淋巴细胞凋亡^[50]，对糖代谢无直接影响	阿仑单抗或ATG诱导不增加PTDM风险^[51]
巴利昔单抗	IL-2受体的单抗(抗CD25)，可显著抑制IL-2介导的T淋巴细胞增殖。动物实验中表明，巴利昔单抗使用后诱导Treg细胞减少，出现胰岛炎、胰岛β细胞破坏及糖尿病发生^[52]	巴利昔单抗诱导发生PTDM的风险增加^[53]
其他免疫抑制剂(麦考酚酸、硫唑嘌呤和咪唑立宾)	抑制嘌呤核苷酸的生物合成发挥抗增殖、抗代谢作用，对糖代谢无直接影响	麦考酚酸或硫唑嘌呤单独应用对PTDM无影响，联合用药目前证据尚不足^[54]；吗替麦考酚酯是常用麦考酚酸类药物，与其他免疫抑制剂联用时，减少CNI、类固醇药物等药物的剂量，间接降低实体器官移植受者PTDM的风险^[55]；咪唑立宾与PTDM的关系尚无研究报道

表2 PTDM的诊断标准

诊断标准	静脉血浆葡萄糖或HbA_1c水平
典型糖尿病症状
加上空腹血糖	≥ 7.0 mmol/L
或加上随机血糖	≥11.1 mmol/L
或加上OGTT 2 h血糖	≥11.1 mmol/L
或加上HbA_1c	≥ 6.5%^a
无糖尿病典型症状者，需改日复查确认

表2 PTDM的诊断标准

诊断标准	静脉血浆葡萄糖或HbA_1c水平
典型糖尿病症状
加上空腹血糖	≥ 7.0 mmol/L
或加上随机血糖	≥11.1 mmol/L
或加上OGTT 2 h血糖	≥11.1 mmol/L
或加上HbA_1c	≥ 6.5%^a
无糖尿病典型症状者，需改日复查确认

表3 糖代谢状态分类

糖代谢状态	静脉血浆葡萄糖(mmol/L)
糖代谢状态	空腹血糖	2hPG
正常血糖	<6.1	<7.8
空腹血糖受损	6.1≤FPG<7.0	<7.8
糖耐量减低	<6.1	7.8≤2hPG<11.1
糖调节受损	<7.0	7.8≤2hPG<11.1
糖尿病	≥7.0	≥11.1

表3 糖代谢状态分类

糖代谢状态	静脉血浆葡萄糖(mmol/L)
糖代谢状态	空腹血糖	2hPG
正常血糖	<6.1	<7.8
空腹血糖受损	6.1≤FPG<7.0	<7.8
糖耐量减低	<6.1	7.8≤2hPG<11.1
糖调节受损	<7.0	7.8≤2hPG<11.1
糖尿病	≥7.0	≥11.1

表4 PTDM非胰岛素类降糖药物的安全性、有效性、与免疫抑制剂的相互作用以及注意事项

药物种类	常用代表药物	有效性^a	安全性	药物相互作用	心肾获益	主要不良反应	注意事项
双胍类	二甲双胍	强效	循证证据较多，主要来源于肾移植受者，安全、优选用药。(1)肾移植：肾功能稳定情况下安全，降低全因死亡率、感染相关死亡率、恶性肿瘤相关死亡率^[76,77,78]；(2)肝、心、肺移植：证据缺乏	无	降低超重T2DM患者心血管风险，SOT受者获益情况不明	胃肠道反应常见，乳酸酸中毒罕见	注意监测肾功能，禁用于eGFR<45 mL·min^－1·(1.73 m²)^－1；肝功能不全、严重感染、缺氧或接受大手术的患者禁用
DPP-4i	西格列汀、沙格列汀、利格列汀、维格列汀、阿格列汀	中效	循证证据相对较少，安全。(1)肾移植：安全，耐受性良好^{[79,80,81,82,83,84,85]}；(2)心移植：安全，对体重无影响^[86]；(3)肝、肺移植：证据缺乏	西格列汀和CsA，维格列汀和TAC可能存在DDI	T2DM人群中性，沙格列汀可能增加心力衰竭住院风险；SOT受者暂无依据	少	肾功能不全者需根据eGFR调整用量(利格列汀除外)
α-糖苷酶抑制剂	阿卡波糖、伏格列波糖、米格列醇	中效	循证证据缺乏，但国内专家有限的使用经验提示安全有效	循证证据缺乏	T2DM人群中性，SOT受者暂无依据	胃肠道反应常见	严重肝功能或肾功能不全、肠粘连、肠梗阻病史患者禁用
磺脲类	格列本脲、格列齐特、格列美脲、格列喹酮、格列吡嗪	强效	循证证据相对少，但临床使用经验较多。(1)肾移植：耐受性良好，存在一定程度低血糖风险^[85,87]；(2)肝、心、肺移植：证据缺乏	格列本脲、格列喹酮与CsA可能存在DDI	T2DM人群中性，SOT受者暂无依据	低血糖、体重增加	eGFR下降者使用时低血糖风险增加；严重肝或肾功能不全、糖尿病急性并发症时禁用
噻唑烷二酮类	吡格列酮、罗格列酮	中效	循证证据较少。(1)肾移植：安全，耐受性良好^[88,89]；(2)肝移植：样本量少，短期应用安全^[89]；(3)心、肺移植：证据缺乏	吡格列酮与CNI无DDI	T2DM人群心血管不良事件潜在获益(吡格列酮)；心力衰竭风险增加；SOT受者暂无依据	体重增加、水肿、贫血、骨折等	心力衰竭、活动性肝病、严重骨质疏松和有病理性骨折病史的患者禁用
格列奈类	瑞格列奈、那格列奈、米格列奈钙	强效	循证证据较少。(1)肾移植：安全，耐受性良好^[85,90,91]；(2)肝、心、肺移植：证据缺乏	和CsA可能存在DDI	T2DM人群中性；SOT受者暂无依据	低血糖、体重增加	可在肾功能不全患者中使用；与CsA联用时注意低血糖风险
SGLT2i	达格列净、恩格列净、卡格列净、恒格列净、艾托格列净	中-强效	循证证据较少。(1)肾移植：安全，耐受性良好，减少胰岛素使用剂量，小样本研究中未发现泌尿系统感染风险增加^[92,93,94]；(2)心移植：小样本研究发现降低体重、血压，减少利尿剂剂量，耐受性良好，偶发尿路感染^[95,96]，部分RCT研究进行中^[97]；(3)肝、肺移植：证据缺乏	与CNI、mTORi可能存在DDI	T2DM人群获益，SOT受者使用大样本循证证据缺乏，小样本研究提示可能降低尿蛋白排泄；心脏移植PTDM者可能存在潜在获益	泌尿系统和生殖系统感染、血容量不足；糖尿病酮症酸中毒罕见	不建议用于eGFR<45 mL·min^－1·(1.73 m²)^－1患者
GLP-1RA	日制剂：利拉鲁肽、艾塞那肽、贝那鲁肽、利司那肽；周制剂：度拉糖肽、洛塞那肽、艾塞那肽周制剂、司美格鲁肽	强效	循证证据较少。(1)肾、肝、心移植：降低体重、体重指数、胰岛素剂量，未增加心血管疾病、移植物失功或全因死亡等风险^[98,99]；(2)肺移植：证据缺乏	无	T2DM人群获益，SOT受者大样本循证证据缺乏，获益情况不明	胃肠道反应	禁用于有甲状腺髓样癌病史或家族史的患者以及2型多发性内分泌肿瘤综合征患者；急性胰腺炎病史者慎用；严重高甘油三酯血症者建议降脂治疗后使用；使用司美格鲁肽时需注意监测糖尿病视网膜病变；需注意GLP-1RA致胃排空延迟可能影响免疫抑制剂的吸收

表4 PTDM非胰岛素类降糖药物的安全性、有效性、与免疫抑制剂的相互作用以及注意事项

药物种类	常用代表药物	有效性^a	安全性	药物相互作用	心肾获益	主要不良反应	注意事项
双胍类	二甲双胍	强效	循证证据较多，主要来源于肾移植受者，安全、优选用药。(1)肾移植：肾功能稳定情况下安全，降低全因死亡率、感染相关死亡率、恶性肿瘤相关死亡率^[76,77,78]；(2)肝、心、肺移植：证据缺乏	无	降低超重T2DM患者心血管风险，SOT受者获益情况不明	胃肠道反应常见，乳酸酸中毒罕见	注意监测肾功能，禁用于eGFR<45 mL·min^－1·(1.73 m²)^－1；肝功能不全、严重感染、缺氧或接受大手术的患者禁用
DPP-4i	西格列汀、沙格列汀、利格列汀、维格列汀、阿格列汀	中效	循证证据相对较少，安全。(1)肾移植：安全，耐受性良好^{[79,80,81,82,83,84,85]}；(2)心移植：安全，对体重无影响^[86]；(3)肝、肺移植：证据缺乏	西格列汀和CsA，维格列汀和TAC可能存在DDI	T2DM人群中性，沙格列汀可能增加心力衰竭住院风险；SOT受者暂无依据	少	肾功能不全者需根据eGFR调整用量(利格列汀除外)
α-糖苷酶抑制剂	阿卡波糖、伏格列波糖、米格列醇	中效	循证证据缺乏，但国内专家有限的使用经验提示安全有效	循证证据缺乏	T2DM人群中性，SOT受者暂无依据	胃肠道反应常见	严重肝功能或肾功能不全、肠粘连、肠梗阻病史患者禁用
磺脲类	格列本脲、格列齐特、格列美脲、格列喹酮、格列吡嗪	强效	循证证据相对少，但临床使用经验较多。(1)肾移植：耐受性良好，存在一定程度低血糖风险^[85,87]；(2)肝、心、肺移植：证据缺乏	格列本脲、格列喹酮与CsA可能存在DDI	T2DM人群中性，SOT受者暂无依据	低血糖、体重增加	eGFR下降者使用时低血糖风险增加；严重肝或肾功能不全、糖尿病急性并发症时禁用
噻唑烷二酮类	吡格列酮、罗格列酮	中效	循证证据较少。(1)肾移植：安全，耐受性良好^[88,89]；(2)肝移植：样本量少，短期应用安全^[89]；(3)心、肺移植：证据缺乏	吡格列酮与CNI无DDI	T2DM人群心血管不良事件潜在获益(吡格列酮)；心力衰竭风险增加；SOT受者暂无依据	体重增加、水肿、贫血、骨折等	心力衰竭、活动性肝病、严重骨质疏松和有病理性骨折病史的患者禁用
格列奈类	瑞格列奈、那格列奈、米格列奈钙	强效	循证证据较少。(1)肾移植：安全，耐受性良好^[85,90,91]；(2)肝、心、肺移植：证据缺乏	和CsA可能存在DDI	T2DM人群中性；SOT受者暂无依据	低血糖、体重增加	可在肾功能不全患者中使用；与CsA联用时注意低血糖风险
SGLT2i	达格列净、恩格列净、卡格列净、恒格列净、艾托格列净	中-强效	循证证据较少。(1)肾移植：安全，耐受性良好，减少胰岛素使用剂量，小样本研究中未发现泌尿系统感染风险增加^[92,93,94]；(2)心移植：小样本研究发现降低体重、血压，减少利尿剂剂量，耐受性良好，偶发尿路感染^[95,96]，部分RCT研究进行中^[97]；(3)肝、肺移植：证据缺乏	与CNI、mTORi可能存在DDI	T2DM人群获益，SOT受者使用大样本循证证据缺乏，小样本研究提示可能降低尿蛋白排泄；心脏移植PTDM者可能存在潜在获益	泌尿系统和生殖系统感染、血容量不足；糖尿病酮症酸中毒罕见	不建议用于eGFR<45 mL·min^－1·(1.73 m²)^－1患者
GLP-1RA	日制剂：利拉鲁肽、艾塞那肽、贝那鲁肽、利司那肽；周制剂：度拉糖肽、洛塞那肽、艾塞那肽周制剂、司美格鲁肽	强效	循证证据较少。(1)肾、肝、心移植：降低体重、体重指数、胰岛素剂量，未增加心血管疾病、移植物失功或全因死亡等风险^[98,99]；(2)肺移植：证据缺乏	无	T2DM人群获益，SOT受者大样本循证证据缺乏，获益情况不明	胃肠道反应	禁用于有甲状腺髓样癌病史或家族史的患者以及2型多发性内分泌肿瘤综合征患者；急性胰腺炎病史者慎用；严重高甘油三酯血症者建议降脂治疗后使用；使用司美格鲁肽时需注意监测糖尿病视网膜病变；需注意GLP-1RA致胃排空延迟可能影响免疫抑制剂的吸收

5	Moon JI, Barbeito R, Faradji RN, et al. Negative impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on patient and graft survival after liver transplantation: long-term follow up[J]. Transplantation, 2006, 82(12)：1625-1628.
6	Bhat M, Usmani SE, Azhie A, et al. Metabolic consequences of solid organ transplantation[J]. Endocr Rev, 2021, 42(2)：171-197.
7	Liang J, Lv C, Chen M, et al. Effects of preoperative hepatitis B virus infection, hepatitis C virus infection, and coinfection on the development of new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation[J]. J Diabetes, 2019, 11(5)：370-378.
8	Xu J, Xu L, Wei X, et al. Incidence and risk factors of posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in living donor kidney transplantation: a single-center retrospective study in China[J]. Transplant Proc, 2018, 50(10)：3381-3385.
9	陈敏灵，张尧，于明香，等. 肾移植术后糖尿病的发病及其危险因素分析[J]. 中华内分泌代谢杂志，2013, 29(9)：750-755.
10	Ling Q, Xu X, Xie H, et al. New-onset diabetes after liver transplantation: a national report from China Liver Transplant Registry[J]. Liver Int, 2016, 36(5)：705-712.
11	Zhao T, Zhao Y, Zong A, et al. Association of body mass index and fasting plasma glucose concentration with post-transplantation diabetes mellitus in Chinese heart transplant recipients[J]. J Int Med Res, 2020, 48(3)：300060520910629.
12	章保勇，胡盛寿，黄洁，等. 心脏移植受者移植后新发糖尿病的危险因素分析[J]. 中华器官移植杂志，2014, 35(4)：221-224.
13	Eide IA, Halden TA, Hartmann A, et al. Mortality risk in post-transplantation diabetes mellitus based on glucose and HbA_1c diagnostic criteria[J]. Transpl Int, 2016, 29(5)：568-578.
14	Hackman KL, Snell GI, Bach LA. Poor glycemic control is associated with decreased survival in lung transplant recipients[J]. Transplantation, 2017, 101(9)：2200-2206.
15	D′Avola D, Cuervas-Mons V, Martí J, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation: the protective role of mycophenolate mofetil[J]. Liver Transpl, 2017, 23(4)：498-509.
16	Roccaro GA, Goldberg DS, Hwang WT, et al. Sustained posttransplantation diabetes is associated with long-term major cardiovascular events following liver transplantation[J]. Am J Transplant, 2018, 18(1)：207-215.
17	Shivaswamy V, Boerner B, Larsen J. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus: causes, treatment, and impact on outcomes[J]. Endocr Rev, 2016, 37(1)：37-61.
18	Feng KY, Henricksen EJ, Wayda B, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes after heart transplantation[J]. Clin Transplant, 2021, 35(11)：e14460.
19	Kim HJ, Jung SH, Kim JJ, et al. New-onset diabetes mellitus after heart transplantation-incidence, risk factors and impact on clinical outcome[J]. Circ J, 2017, 81(6)：806-814.
20	Vest AR, Cherikh WS, Noreen SM, et al. New-onset diabetes mellitus after adult heart transplantation and the risk of renal dysfunction or mortality[J]. Transplantation, 2022, 106(1)：178-187.
21	Cho MS, Choi HI, Kim IO, et al. The clinical course and outcomes of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus after heart transplantation[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2012, 27(12)：1460-1467.
22	Moro JA, Martínez-Dolz L, Almenar L, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on heart transplant recipients[J]. Rev Esp Cardiol, 2006, 59(10)：1033-1037.
23	Kirov H, Moschovas A, Caldonazo T, et al. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for cancer after heart and/or lung transplantation[J]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(14): 4127.
24	Hackman KL, Bailey MJ, Snell GI, et al. Diabetes is a major risk factor for mortality after lung transplantation[J]. Am J Transplant, 2014, 14(2)：438-445.
25	中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)[J]. 中华糖尿病杂志，2021, 13(4)：315-409.
26	Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Vijayvargiya P, et al. The risk for new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Can J Diabetes, 2016, 40(6)：521-528.
27	Shah T, Kasravi A, Huang E, et al. Risk factors for development of new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation[J]. Transplantation, 2006, 82(12)：1673-1676.
28	Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V, et al. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus and HCV seropositive status after renal transplantation: meta-analysis of clinical studies[J]. Am J Transplant, 2005, 5(10)：2433-2440.
29	Prasad N, Gurjer D, Bhadauria D, et al. Is basiliximab induction, a novel risk factor for new onset diabetes after transplantation for living donor renal allograft recipients？[J]. Nephrology (Carlton), 2014, 19(4)：244-250.
30	Baid S, Cosimi AB, Farrell ML, et al. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in liver transplant recipients: risk factors, temporal relationship with hepatitis C virus allograft hepatitis, and impact on mortality[J]. Transplantation, 2001, 72(6)：1066-1072.
31	Chen T, Jia H, Li J, et al. New onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation and hepatitis C virus infection: meta-analysis of clinical studies[J]. Transpl Int, 2009, 22(4)：408-415.
32	Sabharwal S, Delgado-Borrego A, Chung RT. Extrahepatic hepatitis C virus after transplantation: diabetes and renal dysfunction[J]. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14 (Suppl 2)：S51-S57.
33	Younossi Z, Stepanova M, Saab S, et al. The association of hepatitis C virus infection and post-liver transplant diabetes: data from 17 000 HCV-infected transplant recipients[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2015, 41(2)：209-217.
34	Handisurya A, Kerscher C, Tura A, et al. Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine a improves glucose tolerance in HCV-positive renal transplant recipients[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1)：e0145319.
35	Saliba F, Lakehal M, Pageaux GP, et al. Risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus following liver transplantation and impact of hepatitis C infection: an observational multicenter study[J]. Liver Transpl, 2007, 13(1)：136-144.
36	Toshima T, Yoshizumi T, Inokuchi S, et al. Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome components of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia after living donor liver transplantation[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2020, 22(4)：511-520.
1	Jenssen T, Hartmann A. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus in patients with solid organ transplants[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2019, 15(3)：172-188.
2	Davidson J, Wilkinson A, Dantal J, et al. New-onset diabetes after transplantation: 2003 international consensus guidelines. Proceedings of an international expert panel meeting. Barcelona, Spain, 19 February 2003[J]. Transplantation, 2003, 75(10 Suppl)：SS3-SS24.
3	Sharif A, Hecking M, de Vries AP, et al. Proceedings from an international consensus meeting on posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: recommendations and future directions[J]. Am J Transplant, 2014, 14(9)：1992-2000.
4	Porrini EL, Díaz JM, Moreso F, et al. Clinical evolution of post-transplant diabetes mellitus[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2016, 31(3)：495-505.
37	Xue M, Lv C, Chen X, et al. Donor liver steatosis: a risk factor for early new-onset diabetes after liver transplantation[J]. J Diabetes Investig, 2017, 8(2)：181-187.
38	Shaked A, Loza BL, Van Loon E, et al. Donor and recipient polygenic risk scores influence the risk of post-transplant diabetes[J]. Nat Med, 2022, 28(5)：999-1005.
39	Huscher D, Thiele K, Gromnica-Ihle E, et al. Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side effects[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2009, 68(7)：1119-1124.
40	Qi D, Rodrigues B. Glucocorticoids produce whole body insulin resistance with changes in cardiac metabolism[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 292(3)：E654-E667.
41	Midtvedt K, Hjelmesaeth J, Hartmann A, et al. Insulin resistance after renal transplantation: the effect of steroid dose reduction and withdrawal[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2004, 15(12)：3233-3239.
42	Mourad G, Glyda M, Albano L, et al. Incidence of posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in de novo kidney transplant recipients receiving prolonged-release tacrolimus-based immunosuppression with 2 different corticosteroid minimization strategies: ADVANCE, a randomized controlled trial[J]. Transplantation, 2017, 101(8)：1924-1934.
43	Chakkera HA, Kudva Y, Kaplan B. Calcineurin inhibitors: pharmacologic mechanisms impacting both insulin resistance and insulin secretion leading to glucose dysregulation and diabetes mellitus[J]. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2017, 101(1)：114-120.
44	Pereira MJ, Palming J, Rizell M, et al. Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus reduce the amount of GLUT4 at the cell surface in human adipocytes: increased endocytosis as a potential mechanism for the diabetogenic effects of immunosuppressive agents[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014, 99(10)：E1885-E1894.
45	Vincenti F, Friman S, Scheuermann E, et al. Results of an international, randomized trial comparing glucose metabolism disorders and outcome with cyclosporine versus tacrolimus[J]. Am J Transplant, 2007, 7(6)：1506-1514.
46	Torres A, Hernández D, Moreso F, et al. Randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine on the incidence of posttransplant diabetes mellitus[J]. Kidney Int Rep, 2018, 3(6)：1304-1315.
47	Wissing KM, Abramowicz D, Weekers L, et al. Prospective randomized study of conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporine A to improve glucose metabolism in patients with posttransplant diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation[J]. Am J Transplant, 2018, 18(7)：1726-1734.
48	Liu J, Liu D, Li J, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus for maintenance immunosuppression of kidney transplantation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(1)：e0170246.
49	Jones-Hughes T, Snowsill T, Haasova M, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy for kidney transplantation in adults: a systematic review and economic model[J]. Health Technol Assess, 2016, 20(62)：1-594.
50	Crepin T, Carron C, Roubiou C, et al. ATG-induced accelerated immune senescence: clinical implications in renal transplant recipients[J]. Am J Transplant, 2015, 15(4)：1028-1038.
51	Baker D, Herrod SS, Alvarez-Gonzalez C, et al. Interpreting lymphocyte reconstitution data from the pivotal phase 3 trials of alemtuzumab[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2017, 74(8)：961-969.
52	Zheng J, Song W. Alemtuzumab versus antithymocyte globulin induction therapies in kidney transplantation patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(28)：e7151.
53	Setoguchi R, Hori S, Takahashi T, et al. Homeostatic maintenance of natural Foxp3(+) CD25(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells by interleukin (IL)-2 and induction of autoimmune disease by IL-2 neutralization[J]. J Exp Med, 2005, 201(5)：723-735.
54	Aaseb- W, Midtvedt K, Valderhaug TG, et al. Impaired glucose homeostasis in renal transplant recipients receiving basiliximab[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2010, 25(4)：1289-1293.
55	Axelrod DA, Cheungpasitporn W, Bunnapradist S, et al. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression selection in older and obese kidney recipients[J]. Kidney Med, 2022, 4(1)：100377.
56	Saliba F, Rostaing L, Gugenheim J, et al. Corticosteroid-sparing and optimization of mycophenolic acid exposure in liver transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus: a randomized, multicenter study[J]. Transplantation, 2016, 100(8)：1705-1713.
57	Schweer T, Gwinner W, Scheffner I, et al. High impact of rejection therapy on the incidence of post-transplant diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation[J]. Clin Transplant, 2014, 28(4)：512-519.
58	Montori VM, Basu A, Erwin PJ, et al. Posttransplantation diabetes: a systematic review of the literature[J]. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25(3)：583-592.
59	Hjelmesaeth J, Sagedal S, Hartmann A, et al. Asymptomatic cytomegalovirus infection is associated with increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus and impaired insulin release after renal transplantation[J]. Diabetologia, 2004, 47(9)：1550-1556.
60	Jiménez-Pérez M, González-Grande R, Omonte Guzmán E, et al. Metabolic complications in liver transplant recipients[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(28)：6416-6423.
61	Lecronier M, Tashk P, Tamzali Y, et al. Gut microbiota composition alterations are associated with the onset of diabetes in kidney transplant recipients[J]. PLoS One, 2020, 15(1)：e0227373.
62	Faucher Q, Jardou M, Brossier C, et al. Is Intestinal dysbiosis-associated with immunosuppressive therapy a key factor in the pathophysiology of post-transplant diabetes mellitus？[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022, 13：898878.
63	van der Burgh AC, Moes A, Kieboom B, et al. Serum magnesium, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β genotype and post-transplant diabetes mellitus: a prospective study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2020, 35(1)：176-183.
64	Schwaiger E, Krenn S, Kurnikowski A, et al. Early postoperative basal insulin therapy versus standard of care for the prevention of diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: a multicenter randomized trial[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2021, 32(8)：2083-2098.
65	Dos Santos Q, Hornum M, Terrones-Campos C, et al. Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus among solid organ recipients in a danish cohort[J]. Transpl Int, 2022, 35：10352.
66	Iqbal A, Zhou K, Kashyap SR, et al. Early post-renal transplant hyperglycemia[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2022, 107(2)：549-562.
67	Conte C, Maggiore U, Cappelli G, et al. Supporting physicians in the management of metabolic alterations in adult kidney transplant recipients: a comment on the joint position statement of the Italian Society of Nephrology (SIN), the Italian Society for Organ Transplantation (SITO) and the Italian Diabetes Society (SID)[J]. J Nephrol, 2020, 33(5)：887-893.
68	Ussif AM, Åsberg A, Halden T, et al. Validation of diagnostic utility of fasting plasma glucose and HbA_1c in stable renal transplant recipients one year after transplantation[J]. BMC Nephrol, 2019, 20(1)：12.
69	Yates CJ, Fourlanos S, Colman PG, et al. Divided dosing reduces prednisolone-induced hyperglycaemia and glycaemic variability: a randomized trial after kidney transplantation[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2014, 29(3)：698-705.
70	Burt MG, Roberts GW, Aguilar-Loza NR, et al. Continuous monitoring of circadian glycemic patterns in patients receiving prednisolone for COPD[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2011, 96(6)：1789-1796.
71	Aouad LJ, Clayton P, Wyburn KR, et al. Evolution of glycemic control and variability after kidney transplant[J]. Transplantation, 2018, 102(9)：1563-1568.
72	Yates CJ, Fourlanos S, Colman PG, et al. Screening for new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation: limitations of fasting glucose and advantages of afternoon glucose and glycated hemoglobin[J]. Transplantation, 2013, 96(8)：726-731.
73	L．凯萨琳·马汉. Krause营养诊疗学(第13版)[M]. 杜寿玢，陈伟，译. 北京：人民卫生出版社，2017.
74	中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国血糖监测临床应用指南(2021年版)[J]. 中华糖尿病杂志，2021, 13(10)：936-948.
75	Chowdhury TA, Wahba M, Mallik R, et al. Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and Renal Association guidelines on the detection and management of diabetes post solid organ transplantation[J]. Diabet Med, 2021, 38(6)：e14523.
76	Von Visger JR, Gunay Y, Andreoni KA, et al. The risk of recurrent IgA nephropathy in a steroid-free protocol and other modifying immunosuppression[J]. Clin Transplant, 2014, 28(8)：845-854.
77	Vest LS, Koraishy FM, Zhang Z, et al. Metformin use in the first year after kidney transplant, correlates, and associated outcomes in diabetic transplant recipients: a retrospective analysis of integrated registry and pharmacy claims data[J]. Clin Transplant, 2018, 32(8)：e13302.
78	Ram E, Lavee J, Tenenbaum A, et al. Metformin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus is associated with a reduced risk of vasculopathy and cardiovascular mortality after heart transplantation[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2019, 18(1)：118.
79	Haidinger M, Werzowa J, Hecking M, et al. Efficacy and safety of vildagliptin in new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Am J Transplant, 2014, 14(1)：115-123.
80	Gueler I, Mueller S, Helmschrott M, et al. Effects of vildagliptin (Galvus®) therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after heart transplantation[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2013, 7：297-303.
81	Strøm Halden TA, Åsberg A, Vik K, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2014, 29(4)：926-933.
82	Boerner BP, Miles CD, Shivaswamy V. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin for the treatment of new-onset diabetes after renal transplantation[J]. Int J Endocrinol, 2014：617638.
83	Bae J, Lee MJ, Choe EY, et al. Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on hyperglycemia and blood cyclosporine levels in renal transplant patients with diabetes: a pilot study[J]. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul), 2016, 31(1)：161-167.
84	Soliman AR, Fathy A, Khashab S, et al. Sitagliptin might be a favorable antiobesity drug for new onset diabetes after a renal transplant[J]. Exp Clin Transplant, 2013, 11(6)：494-498.
85	Guardado-Mendoza R, Cázares-Sánchez D, Evia-Viscarra ML, et al. Linagliptin plus insulin for hyperglycemia immediately after renal transplantation: a comparative study[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2019, 156：107864.
86	Haidinger M, Antlanger M, Kopecky C, et al. Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus: evaluation of treatment strategies[J]. Clin Transplant, 2015, 29(5)：415-424.
87	Türk T, Pietruck F, Dolff S, et al. Repaglinide in the management of new-onset diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation[J]. Am J Transplant, 2006, 6(4)：842-846.
88	Kajosaari LI, Niemi M, Neuvonen M, et al. Cyclosporine markedly raises the plasma concentrations of repaglinide[J]. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2005, 78(4)：388-399.
89	Luther P, Baldwin D Jr. Pioglitazone in the management of diabetes mellitus after transplantation[J]. Am J Transplant, 2004, 4(12)：2135-2138.
90	Werzowa J, Hecking M, Haidinger M, et al. Vildagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with impaired glucose tolerance after kidney transplantation: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial[J]. Transplantation, 2013, 95(3)：456-462.
91	Heerspink HJ, Perkins BA, Fitchett DH, et al. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: cardiovascular and kidney effects, potential mechanisms, and clinical applications[J]. Circulation, 2016, 134(10)：752-772.
92	Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2017, 377(7)：644-657.
93	Rajasekeran H, Kim SJ, Cardella CJ, et al. Use of canagliflozin in kidney transplant recipients for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a case series[J]. Diabetes Care, 2017, 40(7)：e75-e76.
94	Mahling M, Schork A, Nadalin S, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition in kidney transplant recipients with diabetes mellitus[J]. Kidney Blood Press Res, 2019, 44(5)：984-992.
95	Song CC, Brown A, Winstead R, et al. Early initiation of sodium-glucose linked transporter inhibitors (SGLT-2i) and associated metabolic and electrolyte outcomes in diabetic kidney transplant recipients[J]. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab, 2021, 4(2)：e00185.
96	Muir CA, Greenfield JR, MacDonald PS. Empagliflozin in the management of diabetes mellitus after cardiac transplantation[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2017, 36(8)：914-916.
97	Cehic MG, Muir CA, Greenfield JR, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in the management of diabetes mellitus in heart transplant recipients[J]. Transplant Direct, 2019, 5(5)：e450.
98	Schwaiger E, Burghart L, Signorini L, et al. Empagliflozin in posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: a prospective, interventional pilot study on glucose metabolism, fluid volume, and patient safety[J]. Am J Transplant, 2019, 19(3)：907-919.
99	Halden T, Kvitne KE, Midtvedt K, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in renal transplant recipients with posttransplant diabetes mellitus[J]. Diabetes Care, 2019, 42(6)：1067-1074.
100	Kristensen SL, Rørth R, Jhund PS, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2019, 7(10)：776-785.
101	Vanhove T, Remijsen Q, Kuypers D, et al. Drug-drug interactions between immunosuppressants and antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of post-transplant diabetes mellitus[J]. Transplant Rev (Orlando), 2017, 31(2)：69-77.
102	Singh P, Taufeeq M, Pesavento TE, et al. Comparison of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists dulaglutide and liraglutide for the management of diabetes in solid organ transplant: a retrospective study[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2020, 22(5)：879-884.
103	Halden TA, Egeland EJ, Åsberg A, et al. GLP-1 restores altered insulin and glucagon secretion in posttransplantation diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2016, 39(4)：617-624.
104	Liou JH, Liu YM, Chen CH. Management of diabetes mellitus with glucagonlike peptide-1 agonist liraglutide in renal transplant recipients: a retrospective study[J]. Transplant Proc, 2018, 50(8)：2502-2505.
105	Singh P, Pesavento TE, Washburn K, et al. Largest single-centre experience of dulaglutide for management of diabetes mellitus in solid organ transplant recipients [J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2019, 21(4): 1061-1065.
106	Stephen J, Anderson-Haag TL, Gustafson S, et al. Metformin use in kidney transplant recipients in the United States: an observational study[J]. Am J Nephrol, 2014, 40(6)：546-553.
107	Aleksic S, Eisenberg R, Tsomos E, et al. Glycemic management and clinical outcomes in underserved minority kidney transplant recipients with type 2 and posttransplantation diabetes: a single-center retrospective study[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020, 165：108221.
108	Sanyal D, Biswas M, Chaudhari N. Long-term efficacy and safety of anti-hyperglycaemic agents in new-onset diabetes after transplant: Results from outpatient-based 1-year follow-up and a brief review of treatment options[J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2021, 15(1)：13-19.
109	Voytovich MH, Haukereid C, Hjelmesaeth J, et al. Nateglinide improves postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin secretion in renal transplant recipients[J]. Clin Transplant, 2007, 21(2)：246-251.
110	Raven LM, Muir CA, Kessler Iglesias C, et al. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin on metabolic, cardiac and renal outcomes in recent cardiac transplant recipients (EMPA-HTx): protocol for a randomised controlled trial[J]. BMJ Open, 2023, 13(3)：e069641.
111	Dziodzio T, Biebl M, Öllinger R, et al. The role of bariatric surgery in abdominal organ transplantation-the next big challenge？[J]. Obes Surg, 2017, 27(10)：2696-2706.
112	Hadjievangelou N, Kulendran M, McGlone ER, et al. Is bariatric surgery in patients following renal transplantation safe and effective? A best evidence topic[J]. Int J Surg, 2016, 28：191-195.
113	Schindel H, Winkler J, Yemini R, et al. Survival benefit in bariatric surgery kidney recipients may be mediated through effects on kidney graft function and improvement of co-morbidities: a case-control study[J]. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2019, 15(4)：621-627.
114	Hecking M, Haidinger M, D-ller D, et al. Early basal insulin therapy decreases new-onset diabetes after renal transplantation[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2012, 23(4)：739-749.
115	American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022[J]. Diabetes Care, 2022, 45(Suppl 1)：S244-S253.
116	Lo C, Toyama T, Oshima M, et al. Glucose-lowering agents for treating pre-existing and new-onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 8(8)：CD009966.
117	Xia M, Yang H, Tong X, et al. Risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Diabetes Investig, 2021, 12(1)：109-122.
118	Cai R, Wu M, Xing Y. Pretransplant metabolic syndrome and its components predict post-transplantation diabetes mellitus in Chinese patients receiving a first renal transplant[J]. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2019, 15：497-503.
119	Adams LA, Arauz O, Angus PW, et al. Additive impact of pre-liver transplant metabolic factors on survival post-liver transplant[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 31(5)：1016-1024.
120	Bergrem HA, Valderhaug TG, Hartmann A, et al. Undiagnosed diabetes in kidney transplant candidates: a case-finding strategy[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2010, 5(4)：616-622.
121	Ishikawa S, Tasaki M, Ikeda M, et al. Pretransplant BMI should be<25 in Japanese kidney transplant recipients: a single-center experience[J]. Transplant Proc, 2023, 55(1)：72-79.
122	Bambha KM, Dodge JL, Gralla J, et al. Low, rather than high, body mass index confers increased risk for post-liver transplant death and graft loss: risk modulated by model for end-stage liver disease[J]. Liver Transpl, 2015, 21(10)：1286-1294.
123	Kim DG, Kim BS, Choi HY, et al. Association between post-transplant uric acid level and renal allograft fibrosis: analysis using Banff pathologic scores from renal biopsies[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1)：11601.
124	Kittleson MM, Bead V, Fradley M, et al. Elevated uric acid levels predict allograft vasculopathy in cardiac transplant recipients[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2007, 26(5)：498-503.
125	Burroughs TE, Swindle J, Takemoto S, et al. Diabetic complications associated with new-onset diabetes mellitus in renal transplant recipients[J]. Transplantation, 2007, 83(8)：1027-1034.

[1]	胡欧婵, 黄仲英. 不明原因复发性流产患者的治疗研究现状与展望[J]. 中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版), 2023, 19(01): 16-22.
[2]	张晓芳, 王平. 阴道黑色素瘤诊疗研究现状[J]. 中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版), 2022, 18(06): 621-626.
[3]	陈静红, 尹如铁. 免疫治疗和靶向治疗在阴道黑色素瘤的探索性研究[J]. 中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版), 2022, 18(01): 1-6.
[4]	陈晰娟, 夏娟. 口腔扁平苔藓的治疗进展[J]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2022, 16(04): 203-207.
[5]	刘路浩, 苏泳鑫, 曾丽娟, 张鹏, 陈荣鑫, 徐璐, 李光辉, 方佳丽, 马俊杰, 陈正. 新型冠状病毒感染疫情期间肾移植受者免疫抑制剂服药依从性研究[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(03): 140-145.
[6]	徐烨, 李婧, 刘冉佳, 潘晨, 郭明星, 崔向丽. 2017至2021年中国95家医疗机构肝移植术后免疫抑制剂用药分析[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(03): 134-139.
[7]	陈琦, 郭嘉瑜, 陈忠宝, 马枭雄, 王天宇, 邹寄林, 张龙, 蔡治涛, 邱涛, 周江桥. 心肾联合移植三例[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(02): 124-127.
[8]	国家传染病医学中心, 中华医学会器官移植学分会, 中国康复医学会器官移植康复专业委员会, 中国器官移植发展基金会器官移植受者健康管理专项基金. 实体器官移植受者新型冠状病毒感染诊疗专家共识(2023年版)[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(02): 65-81.
[9]	中国器官移植发展基金会器官移植受者健康管理专家委员会. 器官移植受者新型冠状病毒感染防治策略与健康管理中国专家指导意见(第一版)[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(01): 1-12.
[10]	中国医师协会器官移植医师分会, 中华医学会器官移植学分会. 中国实体器官移植手术部位感染管理专家共识(2022版)[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2022, 16(03): 129-139.
[11]	董才韬, 周大为, 梁峻滔, 叶啟发. 免疫抑制剂治疗肾移植术后复发性IgA肾病研究进展[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2021, 15(06): 365-369.
[12]	陈奥, 练巧燕, 张建恒, 徐鑫, 韦兵, 蔡宇航, 王春燕, 谭获, 何建行, 巨春蓉. 移植后淋巴增殖性疾病研究进展[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2021, 15(05): 307-312.
[13]	左一凡, 吴琪, 王志维. 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白抑制剂在心脏移植中的应用研究进展[J]. 中华移植杂志(电子版), 2021, 15(04): 250-256.
[14]	徐振远, 薛强, 赵渊宇, 郭猛, 傅志仁, 殷浩. 器官移植后糖尿病临床治疗[J]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2022, 11(03): 231-234.
[15]	程庆砾. 免疫抑制剂在肾小球疾病中的合理使用[J]. 中华肾病研究电子杂志, 2023, 12(02): 120-120.

阅读次数

全文

摘要

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容

Expert consensus on diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation in adults

模态框（Modal）标题

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容

Expert consensus on diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation in adults