尽管美国人体器官移植体系已发展成熟，器官捐献和移植数量亦呈逐年增长趋势，但相关机构仍不断查找其器官移植体系中存在的问题，并针对性提出改进建议和改进目标。2022年，美国国立卫生研究院牵头发布题为《最终实现器官移植体系走向公平》的研究报告(以下简称研究报告)，提出了美国器官移植体系未来五年发展的指导意见。虽然有关内容针对的是美国国情，但其中改进器官移植体系的做法有较好的借鉴意义。本文简要介绍该研究报告指出的美国人体器官移植体系在公平性和效率提升等方面存在的问题，重点介绍研究报告关于进一步改进美国人体器官移植体系的公平、效率和提高器官利用率的建议，并浅析其对完善我国人体器官捐献与移植体系的启示，旨在为我国人体器官捐献与移植高质量发展提供参考。

The organ transplantation system in the United States has experienced significant growth over the years, with an increasing number of organ donations and transplants. However, institutions involved in organ transplantation are continuously identifying and addressing issues within the system, aiming to propose targeted solutions and improvement goals. In 2022, the National Institutes of Health of United States released a research report titled "Realizing the Promise of Equity in the Organ Transplant System" (referred to as the research report), providing guidance for the development of the organ transplantation system in the United States in the next five years. Although the research report focuses on the situation in the United States, its recommendations for improving the organ transplantation system hold valuable insights. This article presents a concise analysis of the fairness and efficiency issues within the organ transplantation system in the United States, and emphasizes the recommendations provided in the research report to improve fairness, efficiency, and organ utilization. Furthermore, the article explores the potential application of these insights in enhancing the organ donation and transplantation system in China, to promote the high-quality development of organ donation and transplantation in our country.